Air Traffic Controller Hiring Process 2025: A Step-by-Step Guide to Becoming an ATC

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Becoming an Air Traffic Controller (ATC) involves a multi-step process designed to identify and prepare candidates for one of the most demanding careers in aviation.

From meeting eligibility requirements to acing assessments and completing training, each stage is crucial to your success.

This guide breaks down the entire hiring process into clear, actionable steps. You’ll learn how to find job openings, prepare for tests, navigate interviews, and succeed at the FAA Academy.

Ready to take the first step toward a dynamic and rewarding career in air traffic control?

Let’s get started!

What’s On This Page

What Does an Air Traffic Controller Do?

ATCs are responsible for maintaining the safety and efficiency of air travel. They manage aircraft movements both on the ground and in the air, reducing delays and preventing collisions.

Responsibilities of Air Traffic Controllers

  • Monitoring Aircraft: Use radar systems and communication tools to track aircraft positions, speeds, and altitudes.
  • Providing Instructions: Direct pilots during takeoffs, landings, and in-flight maneuvers to ensure safe distances.
  • Managing Air Traffic Flow: Coordinate aircraft movements during critical phases such as ascent, descent, and taxiing.
  • Handling Emergencies: Assist pilots during emergencies with clear guidance and necessary support.
  • Weather Communication: Inform pilots of changing weather conditions that could affect flight safety.

Types of Air Traffic Controllers

  1. Tower Controllers: Operate from airport control towers. They manage ground traffic and issue takeoff and landing clearances.
  2. Approach Controllers: Handle aircraft during arrival and departure within a 50-mile radius of airports.
  3. En Route Controllers: Oversee aircraft at cruising altitudes, ensuring safe distances in designated airspace sectors.

Skills Required for Success

  • Situational Awareness: Anticipate changes in air traffic and adapt accordingly.
  • Decision-Making Skills: Make accurate and timely decisions under pressure.
  • Communication Skills: Provide clear and concise instructions to pilots and colleagues.
  • Technical Proficiency: Use radar and communication systems efficiently.
  • Stress Management: Remain calm and focused during high-pressure scenarios.

Eligibility Requirements for Air Traffic Controller Positions

Becoming an air traffic controller requires meeting stringent qualifications to ensure candidates can handle the role’s demands.

Candidates must:

  • Be a U.S. citizen.
  • Speak English fluently and clearly.
  • Be younger than 31 years old before the application closing date.
  • Have at least one year of full-time work experience or one year of higher education, or a combination of both.
  • Meet all FAA medical and mental health standards, including vision, hearing, cardiovascular, neurological, and psychiatric health.
    Check our detailed Air Traffic Controll Medical guide for more details on this crucial exam.

Important: Age limits are strictly enforced. If you turn 31 before the application deadline, you are not eligible to apply.

Educational Qualifications

A degree is not required to become an air traffic controller. Candidates can apply as long as they meet the FAA’s minimum qualifications. However, having relevant education can provide a competitive edge in the hiring process.

  • CTI (Collegiate Training Initiative) Graduates: While CTI graduates must still apply through the FAA hiring process, they benefit in two key ways:
    • They are three times more likely to pass the FAA Air Traffic Skills Assessment (ATSA) and the application process compared to general applicants.
    • Due to the nationwide shortage of air traffic controllers, CTI graduates who pass the hiring process may bypass the FAA Academy and proceed directly to on-the-job training (OJT), significantly accelerating their career path.
  • Degree Advantage: While not mandatory, a degree in aviation management, aeronautical science, or related fields can enhance a candidate’s application and demonstrate a solid understanding of aviation principles.

Work Experience or Training Pathways

Candidates without a degree can qualify through alternative training and experience pathways:

  • FAA’s Collegiate Training Initiative (CTI): Graduates of CTI programs have an advantage due to their specialized training, improving their likelihood of passing the FAA hiring process.
  • Military Experience: Veterans with aviation-related roles may qualify for a specialized hiring pathway, which can provide an expedited process.
  • Work Experience: Candidates with three years of progressively responsible work experience in any field may qualify, as long as their experience demonstrates decision-making, problem-solving, and multitasking abilities.

Step-by-Step Air Traffic Controller Hiring Process (Updated for 2025)

Air Traffic Ccontroller Hiring Process Steps 2025

In 2025, the FAA has simplified the hiring process to five steps, cutting down wait times by over four months. This change makes it faster and easier for qualified candidates to enter the profession.

1. Apply & Qualify

The FAA hiring window is open from Thursday, February 27 – March 17, 2025, giving candidates just a few weeks to apply. Applications must be submitted through USAJobs.gov before the deadline (March 17, 2025, at 11:59 PM ET).

Tips for Preparing to Apply:

  • On the USAJobs website, you can search for job series “2152” under the title “Air Traffic Control Specialist – Trainee.”
  • Set up saved searches on USAJobs to receive notifications for new openings.
  • Follow FAA’s official social media channels for announcements and updates.
  • Use the USAJobs Resume Builder to ensure all required fields are completed.
  • Collect information about addresses, jobs, and references from the last 10 years.

Required documents:

  • All applicants: Resume (or CV).
  • Education-based applicants: Official or unofficial college transcripts.
  • Collegiate Training Initiative (CTI) applicants: Transcripts plus a recommendation letter confirming completion of CTI requirements.
  • Veterans: DD214 forms or an official letter confirming discharge status. A completed SF-15 form is also needed for 10-point preference claims.

Important: Missing or incorrect documents will result in rejection. The FAA does not allow late submissions.

2. Pass the ATSA Test

The Air Traffic Skills Assessment (ATSA) measures problem-solving, multitasking, and decision-making skills. This 3.5-hour computer-based test is taken in person at PearsonVUE locations nationwide.

What you need to know:

  • It’s free and must be scheduled as soon as you receive the email.
  • Scores fall into three categories: Failed, Qualified, and Well-Qualified.
  • Only “Well-Qualified” candidates move forward in the hiring process.

Check our comprehensive practice for all 7 ATSA sections to maximize your chances of receiving a Well-Qualified score.

3. Medical & Background Checks

Once you pass the ATSA exam, the FAA requires a medical and security clearance to confirm you can safely perform air traffic control duties.

Medical Requirements

Candidates must be physically and mentally fit to handle air traffic control demands. The FAA will evaluate:

  • Vision – 20/20 in each eye (with or without correction) and normal color vision.
  • Hearing – No major hearing loss; must be able to use standard aviation headsets.
  • Cardiovascular health – No history of heart disease or high/low blood pressure.
  • Neurological conditions – No history of seizures, epilepsy, or nervous system disorders.
  • Psychiatric health – No history of psychosis, neurosis, or personality disorders that could impact performance.
  • Substance dependency – Candidates must pass drug and alcohol screenings and show no history of substance abuse.

Disqualifying conditions include glaucoma, diabetes requiring insulin, and certain musculoskeletal disorders that limit movement.

Annual medical exams are required to maintain certification. Controllers who experience medical issues between exams must be cleared before returning to duty.

For the full list of disqualifying conditions, see the FAA’s Medical Requirements Page.

Security Clearance

  • Federal security clearance (fingerprinting required).
  • Drug testing to confirm a drug-free history.
  • Psychological evaluation (MMPI-2 test) to assess mental fitness.

Applicants with criminal history, security risks, or failed drug tests may be disqualified.

4. Receive & Accept Offer

Once you pass all previous steps, the FAA will send you a Firm Offer Letter (FOL) confirming your selection as a trainee air traffic controller. This document outlines the next steps and officially secures your place in the FAA Academy.

What’s included in the Firm Offer Letter (FOL)?

  • Official job offer – Confirms your selection for the position.
  • Assigned FAA Academy start date – Includes reporting instructions for training in Oklahoma City.
  • Training salary details – Specifies pay, benefits, and allowances during Academy training.

Important:

  • Candidates must formally accept the offer within the deadline stated in the letter.
  • If you decline or fail to respond, your offer will be withdrawn, and you must reapply in the next hiring cycle.
  • Once the offer is accepted, you will receive detailed instructions about your Academy training, including reporting dates, required documents, and preparation materials.

5. Attend FAA Academy Training

Once you accept the offer, you will begin training at the FAA Academy in Oklahoma City. This intensive program lasts several months and prepares you for real-world air traffic control operations.

What You’ll Learn:

  • Air traffic control procedures – Managing aircraft in different types of airspace.
  • Communication protocols – Providing clear, concise instructions to pilots.
  • Radar operations – Tracking aircraft movements using FAA systems.

What Happens After Training?

  • Graduates are assigned to a control tower or radar facility based on FAA needs.
  • On-the-job training (OJT) lasts 1-3 years, where trainees work under supervision before becoming fully certified controllers.
  • Pay increases with experience and within three years.

Tips for Succeeding in the FAA Academy

Success at the FAA Academy requires preparation, focus, and adaptability. These practical tips will help you excel during your training.

Engage Actively

  • Participate Fully in Lessons:
    • Ask questions to clarify challenging topics.
    • Collaborate with peers through study groups to discuss concepts and share insights.
  • Take Initiative During Simulations:
    • Volunteer for roles in exercises.
    • The more hands-on experience you gain, the more prepared you’ll feel for real-world scenarios.

Manage Stress

  • Practice Calm Under Pressure:
    • Use mindfulness and deep breathing techniques to stay focused.
    • Keep your materials organized to reduce distractions.
  • Simulate Real Conditions:
    • Add distractions or time constraints during practice sessions to mimic real-world stress.

Seek Feedback

  • Leverage Instructor Insights:
    • After simulations, ask for detailed feedback on your strengths and areas to improve.
  • Set Goals Based on Feedback:
    • If communication needs improvement, practice clear and concise instructions during exercises.
  • Track Your Progress:
    • Keep a journal to document feedback and reflect on how you’ve addressed challenges.

Additional Tips

  • Stay Active:
    • Regular exercise helps improve focus and manage stress.
  • Maintain Balance:
    • Get enough sleep, eat healthily, and include leisure activities to stay refreshed.

Air Traffic Controller Salary and Benefits in 2025

Air traffic controllers are among the highest-paid federal employees, with structured pay increases based on experience, facility level, and location adjustments. The FAA has raised starting salaries by nearly 30% in 2025 to attract more qualified candidates and address staffing shortages.

Salary Breakdown

FAA Academy Training Pay (2025 Update)

  • Trainees now earn $22.61 per hour, a 30% increase from the previous $17.61 per hour.
  • Housing and food allowances are provided while at the Academy, reducing financial barriers for trainees.

Entry-Level Salary (First Year on the Job)

  • After graduating from the Academy, new controllers start at $43,727 per year.
  • Locality pay is added, increasing salaries based on the cost of living in assigned locations.

Mid-Career Pay (3-5 Years Experience)

  • As controllers gain experience, their salaries increase significantly.
  • Most controllers earn between $73,590 and $189,800 annually, depending on their assigned facility and region.

Experienced Controllers & Top Earners

  • Within three years of certification, most controllers earn over $160,000 annually.
  • Premium pay is provided for overtime, night shifts, and holiday work.

ATC Benefits

Significant Pay Raises & Career Growth

  • The 2025 pay increase of 30% reflects a growing demand for skilled controllers.
  • Controllers receive regular pay raises based on seniority, certification, and facility level.

Generous Paid Time Off

  • 23 vacation days per year (increases to 36 days with seniority).
  • Paid sick leave and federal holidays off.

Full Health & Retirement Benefits

  • Comprehensive medical, dental, and vision insurance.
  • 401(k)-style savings plan with government contributions.

Early Retirement Perks

  • Controllers can retire at age 50 with 20 years of service or at any age with 25 years of service.
  • The FAA retirement annuity is more generous than traditional federal pensions.

With competitive salaries, structured raises, and one of the best federal benefits packages, air traffic control offers both financial security and career advancement.

FAQs

How long does the entire process take?

The process, from application to certification, typically takes several months to almost two years. Timelines depend on individual progress and assigned training paths.

Can I apply if I’m a high school senior or a recent graduate?

Recent graduates can apply if they meet the eligibility criteria, including U.S. citizenship and starting training before age 31. Applicants must also have either a degree, three years of relevant work experience, or a combination of both. High school seniors should plan to meet these requirements before applying.

Is the hiring process the same for experienced controllers?

Experienced controllers follow a modified process. They may start at advanced levels with reduced training requirements and higher pay grades.

What happens if I fail the ATSA test?

Failing the ATSA test disqualifies you from the current hiring cycle. You can retake the test during future hiring periods, but repeated failures could affect your chances.